Analysis of current gender stereotypes

  1. Castillo Mayén, María del Rosario
  2. Montes Berges, Beatriz
Journal:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Year of publication: 2014

Volume: 30

Issue: 3

Pages: 1044-1060

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

More publications in: Anales de psicología

Abstract

Gender stereotypes are beliefs about attributes associated to women and men that reveal gender discrimination. In order to identify changes of gender discrimination, the study of the stereotypes that prevail nowadays is essential. With this in mind, a scale consisting of 258 stereotyp-ic characteristics was elaborated. This scale comprised two versions, one for female and one for male, which permits the understanding of how each gender is perceived currently. Both versions were filled out by 164 under-graduates (50% women). Taking into account those stereotypes that are still differentially assigned to each gender, this study identifies current gender stereotypes that are independent of sociodemographic characteristics, such as age or sex. In addition, new gender stereotypes emerged recently were gathered, and important changes of stereotypes were emphasized, especially those of feminine stereotypes. According to social role theory, these chang-es are the consequence of social roles changes. Conclusions highlight that, although part of the results involve progress on the achievement of equali-ty, traditional stereotypic characteristics are still referred to each gender, which perpetuate discrimination

Bibliographic References

  • Barberá, E. (1998). Psicología del género. Barcelona: Ariel Psicología.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155-162.
  • Burgess, D. y Borgida, E. (1999). Who women are, who women should be: Descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotyping in sex discrimination. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 5, 655-692.
  • Castillo-Mayén, M. R. y Montes-Berges, B. (2007). Escala de estereotipos de género actuales. Iniciación a la Investigación, 2:a5. Recuperado de http://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/ininv/article/view/198/179
  • Diekman, A. B. y Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171-1188.
  • Diekman, A. B., Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A. y Ferreira, M. C. (2005). Dynamic stereotypes about women and men in Latin America and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(2), 209-226.
  • Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N. y Tyler, R. B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: the contents of their cognitive representation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Eagly, A. H. y Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(4), 543-558.
  • Eagly, A. H. y Mladinic, A. (1993). Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgment of competence. En W. Stroebe y M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 1-35). New York: Wiley.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. y Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. En T. Eckes y H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. y Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preferences of women and men. En A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall y R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Psychology of Gender (2a ed., pp. 269-295). New York: Guilford.
  • Fiske, S. T. y Stevens, L. E. (1993). What's so special about sex? Gender ste-reotyping and discrimination. En S. Oskamp y M. Costanzo (Eds.), Gender issues in contemporary society (pp. 173-196). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • García-Retamero, R. Müller. S.M. y López-Zafra, E. (2009). Sobre la ma-leabilidad de los estereotipos de género: influencia del tamaño de la po-blación y el paso del tiempo en la percepción de hombres y mujeres. En J. Tous y Pallarès y J. M. Fabra Sopeña (Eds.), Actas del XI Congreso Na-cional de Psicología Social, (Vol. 2, pp. 151-155). Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
  • Garrido Lora, M. (2007). Los estereotipos de género en la publicidad. Creatividad y Sociedad, 11, 53-71.
  • Glick, P. y Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevo lent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereo-types prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 657-674.
  • Hoffman, C. y Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.
  • Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Jost, J. T. y Hamilton, D. L. (2005). Stereotypes in our culture. En J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick y L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 208-224). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Langford, T. y MacKinnon, N. J. (2000). The affective basis for the gendering of traits: Comparing the United States and Canada. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 34-48.
  • López-Sáez, M. (2008). Estereotipos de género. En E. López-Zafra (Comp.), Mujer y líder: Cómo encontrar el camino en el laberinto del liderazgo con éxito (pp. 76-90). Jaén: Del Lunar.
  • López-Sáez, M. y Lisbona, A. (2009). Descriptive and prescriptive features of gender stereotyping. Relationships among its components. Revista de Psicología Social, 24(3), 363-379.
  • López-Sáez, M. y Morales, J. F. (1995). Gender stereotypes in the Spanish population: Looking toward the future. En L. Amâncio y C. Nogueira (Eds.), Gender, management and science (pp. 151-168). Braga: Instituto de Educaçâo e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho.
  • López-Sáez, M., Morales, J. F. y Lisbona, A. (2008). Evolution of gender stereotypes in Spain: Traits and roles. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 609-617.
  • López-Zafra, E., García-Retamero, R., Diekman, A. y Eagly, A. H. (2008). Dinámica de estereotipos de género y poder: un estudio transcultural. Revista de Psicología Social, 23(2), 213-219.
  • Montes-Berges, B. (2002). Discriminación de género en situaciones de competición y cooperación con priming subliminal. Tesis doctoral no publicada. Universidad de Granada.
  • Montes-Berges, B. (2010, septiembre). The prediction of gender stereotypes' assign-ment and discriminatory behaviour to male and female nurses depending on social dominance levels. Comunicación presentada en la Annual Conference of The British Psychological Society, Social Psychology Section, Winches-ter, Reino Unido.
  • Montes-Berges, B., Sander, P. y Klebaniuk, J. (2011). The influence of the gender on the educational strategies choice at university. Manuscrito en proceso de preparación.
  • Montilla, G., Aranda, M. y Montes-Berges, B. (2010). Perception of battered women with priming experimentation. En M. C. Castellanos, A. Marful y T. Bajo (Eds.), 8th SEPEX Conference. 1st joint Conference of the EPS and SEPEX. Book of abstracts (p. 177). Granada: Sider.
  • Morales J. F. y López-Sáez, M. (1993). Bases para la construcción de un sis-tema de indicadores sociales de estereotipia de género. Psicothema, 5, 123-132.
  • Moya, M. (2003). El análisis psicosocial del género. En J. F. Morales y C. Huici (Eds.), Estudios de Psicología Social (pp. 175-221). Madrid: UNED.
  • Moya, M. y Pérez, C. (1990). Nuevas perspectivas en el estudio de los este-reotipos de género. En P. Valcárcel y J. L. Meliá (Eds.), Métodos y técnicasde intervención (pp. 49-60). Barcelona: Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias.
  • Moya, M. y Puertas, S. (2003). Definición de sexismo y conceptos relacionados. En D. Páez, I. Fernández, S. Ubillos y E. Zubieta (Coords.), Psicolo-gía Social, Cultura y Educación (pp. 208-223). Madrid: Prentice Hall.
  • Rocha-Sánchez, T. E. y Díaz-Loving, R. (2005). Cultura de género: la brecha ideológica entre hombres y mujeres. Anales de Psicología, 21(1), 42-49.
  • Sánchez-Herrero Arbide, S., Sánchez-López, M. P. y Dresch, V. (2009). Hombres y trabajo doméstico: variables demográficas, salud y satisfacción. Anales de Psicología, 25(2), 299-307.
  • Sander, P., Montes-Berges, B. y Klebaniuk, J. (2011). How gender affect to stu-dents' performance? A crosscultural study. Manuscrito en proceso de prepar-ación.
  • Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Diekman, A. B. y Twenge, J. M. (2008). Dynamics of sex-role stereotypes. En Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler y P. Freytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics. Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and the transformation of stereotypes (pp. 135-161). New York: Lawrence Erl-baum.
  • Spence, J. T. y Buckner, C. E. (2000). Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 44-62.
  • Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L. y Stapp, J. (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43-44.
  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613-629.
  • Velasco Sacristán, M. S. (2003). Publicidad y Género: propuesta, diseño y aplicación de un modelo de análisis de las metáforas de género en la publicidad impresa en len-gua inglesa. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Valladolid. Alicante: Bibliote-ca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  • Wilde, A. y Diekman, A. B. (2005). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in dynamic stereotypes: A comparison between Germany and the United States. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(2), 188-196.
  • Williams, J. E. y Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty nation study. Berkeley, CA: Sage.
  • Williams, J. E. y Best, D. L. (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Data source: Dialnet