Redes sociales y vacunación COVID-19análisis del comportamiento de usuarios en España

  1. Andrea Langbecker 1
  2. Daniel Catalán Matamoros 1
  1. 1 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03ths8210

Journal:
Perspectivas de la comunicación

ISSN: 0718-4867

Year of publication: 2023

Volume: 16

Issue: 2

Type: Article

More publications in: Perspectivas de la comunicación

Abstract

The anti-vaccine community has on the social media one of the main channels for the dissemination of fake news and disinformation. This represents a challenge for governments during health crises. This study analyzes the behavior of social media users in relation to COVID-19 vaccination through a national survey including 1800 representatives of the Spanish population. WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram users were the most vaccinated. However, TikTok and YouTube hosted the highest percentage of the unvaccinated. In relation to the booster dose, most users show a positive attitude, with Facebook users standing out, while YouTube users show the highest rejection. In addition, users who have spent more time on social networks were less vaccinated with booster doses, had a higher percentage of unvaccinated. Concrete data are provided to develop communication strategies such as segmentation and social listening to be carried out during a crisis.

Bibliographic References

  • Arriola, C. S., Mercado-Crespo, M. C., Rivera, B., Serrano-Rodriguez, R., Macklin, N., Rivera, A., Graitcer, S., Lacen, M., Bridges, C. B., & Kennedy, E. D. (2015). Reasons for low influenza vaccination coverage among adults in Puerto Rico, influenza season 2013–2014. Vaccine, 33(32), 3829-3835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.093
  • Basch, C.E., Basch, C.H., Hillyer, G.C., Meleo-Erwin, Z.C., & Zagnit, E.A. (2021a). YouTube Videos and Informed Decision-Making About COVID-19 Vaccination: Successive Sampling Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/28352
  • Basch, C.H., Meleo-Erwin, Z., Fera, J., Jaime, C., & Basch, C.E. (2021b). A global pandemic in the time of viral memes: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and disinformation on TikTok. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(8), 2373-2377.
  • https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1894896
  • Basch, C.H., Zybert, P., Reeves, R., & Basch, C.E. (2017). What do popular YouTube videos say about vaccines?: YouTube videos about vaccines. Child: Care, Health and Development, 43(4), 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12442
  • Boyce, T. (2006). Journalism and Expertise. Journalism Studies, 7(6), 889-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700600980652
  • Carrieri, V., Madio, L., & Principe, F. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy and (fake) news: Quasi‐experimental evidence from Italy. Health Economics, 28(11), 1377-1382. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3937
  • Casero-Ripollés, A., Doménech-Fabregat, H., & Alonso-Muñoz, L. (2023). Percepciones de la ciudadanía española ante la desinformación en tiempos de la COVID-19. Revista ICONO 14. Revista Científica de Comunicación y Tecnologías emergentes, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i1.1988
  • Celi, L. (2022). TikTok: Distribution of global audiences 2022, by age and gender. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1299771/tiktok-global-user-age-distribution/
  • Chan, C., Sounderajah, V., Daniels, E., Acharya, A., Clarke, J., Yalamanchili, S., Normahani, P., Markar, S., Ashrafian, H., & Darzi, A. (2021). The Reliability and Quality of YouTube Videos as a Source of Public Health Information Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/29942
  • Digital2022 (2022a). Digital report 2022: el informe sobre las tendencias digitales, redes sociales y mobile. We are Social. https://wearesocial.com/es/blog/2022/01/digital-report-2022-el-informe-sobre-las-tendencias-digitales-redes-sociales-y-mobile/
  • Digital2022 (2022b). Digital report España 2022: nueve de cada diez españoles usan las redes sociales y pasan casi dos horas al día en ellas. We are Social. https://wearesocial.com/es/blog/2022/02/digital-report-espana-2022-nueve-de-cada-diez-espanoles-usan-las-redes-sociales-y-pasan-cerca-de-dos-horas-al-dia-en-ellas/
  • Dror, A.A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N.G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
  • Dye, T.D., Barbosu, M., Siddiqi, S., Pérez-Ramos, J.G., Murphy, H., Alcántara, L., & Pressman, E. (2021). Science, healthcare system, and government effectiveness perception and COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and hesitancy in a global sample: An analytical cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049716
  • Eguia, H., Vinciarelli, F., Bosque-Prous, M., Kristensen, T., & Saigí-Rubió, F. (2021). Spain’s Hesitation at the Gates of a COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020170
  • Elías, C., & Catalan-Matamoros, D. (2020). Coronavirus in Spain: Fear of ‘Official’ Fake News Boosts WhatsApp and Alternative Sources. Media and Communication, 8(2), 462-466. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3217
  • Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (2023). Estrategia de vacunación covid-19 en España. https://www.aemps.gob.es/la-aemps/ultima-informacion-de-la-aemps-acerca-del-covid%E2%80%9119/vacunas-contra-la-covid%E2%80%9119/
  • Fernández, R. (2022a). Los 10 países con más usuarios activos mensuales de TikTok en 2022. Statista. https://es.statista.com/previsiones/1194946/usuarios-de-tiktok-en-el-mundo-por-pais
  • Fernández, R. (2022b). TikTok—Datos estadísticos. Statista. https://es.statista.com/temas/7541/tiktok/#topicHeader__wrapper
  • Fernández-Torres, M. J., Almansa-Martínez, A., & Chamizo-Sánchez, R. (2021). Infodemic and Fake News in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041781
  • Frost, J. (s.f.). Simple Random Sampling: Definition & Examples. Statistics by Jim. https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/simple-random-sampling/
  • Hardt, K., Vandebosch, A., Sadoff, J., Le Gars, M., Truyers, C., Lowson, D., Van Dromme, I., Vingerhoets, J., Kamphuis, T., Scheper, G., Ruiz-Guiñazú, J., Faust, S. N., Spinner, C.D., Schuitemaker, H., Hoof, J.V., Douoguih, M., & Struyf, F. (2022). Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 (ENSEMBLE2): Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(12), 1703-1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00506-0
  • Hernández-García, I., Gascón-Giménez, I., Gascón-Giménez, A., & Giménez-Júlvez, T. (2021). Information in Spanish on YouTube about Covid-19 vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(11), 3916-3921. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1957416
  • Herrera-Peco, I., Jiménez-Gómez, B., Romero, C.S., Deudero, J.J., García-Puente, M., Benítez, E., & Ruiz-Núñez, C. (2021). Antivaccine Movement and COVID-19 Negationism: A Content Analysis of Spanish-Written Messages on Twitter. Vaccines, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060656
  • Hoy, C., Wood, T., & Moscoe, E. (2022). Addressing vaccine hesitancy in developing countries: Survey and experimental evidence. PLOS ONE, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277493
  • IABSPAIN (2022). Estudio de Redes Sociales 2022. https://iabspain.es/estudio/estudio-de-redes-sociales-2022/
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K.M. (2014). The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions. PLoS ONE, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
  • Larson, H.J., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Smith, D.M.D., & Paterson, P. (2014). Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine, 32(19), 2150-2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081
  • Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults: Research Article: Social Media and Depression. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466
  • Malecki, K. M. C., Keating, J. A., & Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis Communication and Public Perception of COVID-19 Risk in the Era of Social Media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697-702. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Marwah, H.K., Carlson, K., Rosseau, N.A., Chretien, K.C., Kind, T., & Jackson, H.T. (2021). Videos, Views, and Vaccines: Evaluating the Quality of COVID-19 Communications on YouTube. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.284
  • Ministerio de Sanidad (2023). Cuadro de mando resumen de datos de vacunación. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/pbiVacunacion.htm
  • Mosteiro-Miguéns, D. G., Roca, D. D. B., Domínguez-Martís, E. M., Vieito-Pérez, N., Álvarez-Padín, P., & Novío, S. (2021). Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101135
  • Nguyen, A., & Catalan-Matamoros, D. (2020). Digital Mis/Disinformation and Public Engagment with Health and Science Controversies: Fresh Perspectives from Covid-19. Media and Communication, 8(2), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3352
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (2015). Reticencia a la vacunación: Un desafío creciente para los programas de inmunización. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/18-08-2015-vaccine-hesitancy-a-growing-challenge-for-immunization-programmes
  • Orús, A. (2022). COVID-19: Número de muertes por país en 2022. Statista. https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1095779/numero-de-muertes-causadas-por-el-coronavirus-de-wuhan-por-pais/
  • Panchalingam, T., & Shi, Y. (2022). Parental refusal and hesitancy of vaccinating children against COVID-19: Findings from a nationally representative sample of parents in the U.S. Preventive Medicine, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107288
  • Park, S., Massey, P. M., & Stimpson, J. P. (2021). Primary Source of Information About COVID-19 as a Determinant of Perception of COVID-19 Severity and Vaccine Uptake: Source of Information and COVID-19. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(10), 3088-3095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07080-1
  • Sánchez-Duarte, J.M., & Magallón-Rosa, R. (2020). Infodemia y COVID-19. Evolución y viralización de informaciones falsas en España. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 1, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2020.5417
  • Thorpe, A., Fagerlin, A., Drews, F. A., Butler, J., Stevens, V., Riddoch, M. S., & Scherer, L. D. (2022). Communications to Promote Interest and Confidence in COVID-19 Vaccines. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(6), 976-986. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171221082904
  • Tuells, J. (2009). La «Revolta da vacina» en Río (1904): Resistencia violenta a la ley de vacunación obligatoria contra la viruela propuesta por Oswaldo Cruz. Vacunas, 10(4), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1576-9887(09)73482-X
  • Wolfe, R.M. (2002). Anti-vaccinationists past and present. BMJ, 325(7361), 430-432. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430
  • Wong, C.M.L., & Jensen, O. (2020). The paradox of trust: Perceived risk and public compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756386