Estudio sobre la motivación, imagen Corporal y ansiedad en función del Perfil físico-saludable en futuros Docentes de educación física

Resumen

Adolescence is a key period in the development of the human being due to the large number of changes that take place on a physical, psychological and personal level, giving rise to the development and strengthening of the personality of young people. At the university level, students are in early adulthood, which is between the ages of twenty and thirty and it is considered an extension of late adolescence. This phase is characterised by difficulties in leaving the family home, a consequence of which is a delay in the emergence of adult behaviours. Due to the problems raised above, it is necessary to carry out a study of the academic, health, psychosocial and physical-sports aspects in the adolescent and adult population. During adolescence, motivation plays a fundamental role in determining the intensity and direction of different behaviours towards certain tasks. Motivational behaviours are influenced by different aspects of cognitive, emotional and biological origin which interact with each other, acting directly on the final result of the action performed. Within the field of sport psychology, the concept of motivational climate is approached as a series of explicit and implicit signals perceived from the context that determine the success or failure of an activity. Depending on the context in which the person is situated, there will be two motivational climates. The first of these is the task- or mastery-oriented motivational climate, where factors of an intrinsic nature such as personal satisfaction when performing a task are more relevant. In contrast, the Ego- or performance-oriented motivational climate prioritises values of extrinsic origin such as social recognition. If from an early age there is not a correct education in the physical education classroom on the appropriate motivation when it comes to guiding physical-sports practice, it can lead to an increase in anxiety levels. Anxiety is defined as a state of nervousness that is difficult to control and is associated with symptoms such as irritability and difficulty in maintaining concentration. In the mid-1950s, anxiety began to be evaluated as a personality trait of each person, influenced by biological factors as well as previous experiences. Inadequate emotional training can lead to an inappropriate response to high levels of anxiety, which can have irreparable consequences at an academic or personal level. In order to reduce the levels of this disruptive state, regular physical exercise is considered a fundamental element, as the effects generated by this state are alleviated through the secretion of neurotransmitters. One of the main reasons for young people's anxiety levels and why adolescents carry out physical-sporting tasks is their body image and physical fitness. In this case, physical selfconcept is one of the areas that is most relevant during youth and adolescence; however, from a multidimensional perspective, self-concept is made up of different areas that will influence the life and development of the adolescent, such as the acquisition of certain life habits. Also, if healthy behaviours have not been established during youth and adolescence, cognitive, social and physical domains can be negatively affected. The importance of following a healthy dietary pattern in order to protect health through the intake of healthy foods. Young people need to be aware of the benefits of positive adherence to the Mediterranean diet in order to increase their life expectancy, decrease cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In view of the above, this thesis study has the general objective of studying the levels and relationship between motivational climate, anxiety, physical self-concept, physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in young adults and adolescents. In addition, the specific objectives of this research are as follows: Research I: To analyse the effects of sport-oriented motivation on physical activity, anxiety and self-concept. Research II: To study the relationships between motivational climate, physical activity practice and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in trainee physical education teachers. Research III: To determine the levels of physical self-concept, motivational climate and anxiety as a function of the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Research IV: To identify and establish the relationship between sport motivation, anxiety, physical self-concept and social self-concept according to the gender of the participants through a multi-group structural equation model. Research V: To develop and contrast an explanatory model of sport motivation, anxiety and adherence to the Mediterranean diet as a function of gender. Research VI: To develop and compare an explanatory model of the motivational climate and its relationship with anxiety and physical self-concept through a multi-group analysis according to weekly physical activity time. Research VII: To develop and test an explanatory model of emotional intelligence and its relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean diet, body mass index and age as a function of weekly physical activity time. Research VIII: To create and evaluate an explanatory model of the impact of mindfulness, clarity and emotional repair on adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Research IX: To study through a multigroup equation model the levels of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, social and physical self-concept, and physical activity practice as a function of the declared sex of the participants. As main conclusions, it is observed that most of the scientific research carried out shows how the development of sport motivation based on intrinsic and extrinsic values can help to reduce or increase anxiety levels, highlighting that the orientation towards the ego climate plays a key role in the abandonment of physical activity due to frustration and the worsening of the mental image generated. It is also observed that orientation towards any motivational climate is positively associated with the practice of physical exercise, however, disposition towards ego-climate reports a stronger positive association with adherence to the Mediterranean diet. With respect to the equation models based on gender, it is concluded that the association between task climate and ego climate has a greater negative relationship for the female gender. As for the impact of motivation on anxiety, both sexes obtained positive relationships towards ego-climate, however, males showed higher scores than females. It is also found that for the female population there is a negative relationship towards adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, irrespective of the motivation developed towards physical activity. On the contrary, the male population shows a negative relationship when sport practice is oriented towards the ego-climate. The model for weekly physical activity time shows that participants who do less than 150 minutes of weekly activity show negative relationships between ego-climate and physical self-concept, anxiety and task climate, anxiety and physical self-concept. On the other hand, positive relationships are shown between task climate and physical self-concept and anxiety and ego climate. Participants practising between 150 and 300 minutes obtained negative relationships between task climate and anxiety, anxiety and physical self-concept, however, positive relationships were shown between anxiety and ego climate, physical selfconcept and task climate and physical self-concept and ego climate. The model based on the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet shows that the relationship between anxiety and task climate is negative for participants with low and medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet, while a positive relationship is obtained for participants with high adherence. Looking at the relationship between anxiety and egoclimate, a positive relationship is obtained for all three levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. For the relationship between physical self-concept and anxiety, negative relationships were obtained for all three levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Therefore, from an educational perspective, the present study offers a current view of physical-health and psychosocial variables in future physical education teachers, who will be in charge of transmitting an adequate motivation towards active and healthy lifestyles.