Análisis de la marcha y la carrera en edades tempranas en relación al sexo y a la edad. Revisión narrativa.

  1. Consuegra Fernández, Pedro José 1
  2. Párraga Montilla, Juan A. 1
  3. Latorre Román, Pedro Ángel 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Jaén (España)
Revista:
EmásF: revista digital de educación física

ISSN: 1989-8304

Año de publicación: 2023

Número: 82

Páginas: 10-30

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: EmásF: revista digital de educación física

Resumen

Running and walking are Basic Motor Skills (BMS), which are influenced by changes in motor development and neural control, especially in the preschool population. Objective: to analyze the literature and evaluate the evidence on HMB, taking into account the influence of sex and age at early ages. Methodology: We conducted a search in three databases: Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed. A total of 14 studies related with the influence of sex and age (from 3 to 16 years old) on BMS were selected. Results: No differences by sex were observed. The BMS differ according to the barefoot or shoe condition. During the race, in barefoot condition there is a lower prevalence of rear foot strike (RS), with a decrease in children over 6 years old. There are differences in the prevalence of RA, increasing in older participants, regardless of their footfall condition. Children from 3 to 6 years old performed worse on the BMS compared to those older than 6 years old. Conclusion: BMS are conditioned mainly by age and sex. A significant increase in the prevalence of RS in relation to older children in walking and running has been evidence. Younger children perform a worse control over movements with poorer BMS performance. During the race, BMS are conditioned by the type of footwear or by the barefoot condition, with a lower prevalence of RS in barefoot

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alcántara, E., Pérez, A., Lozano, L., Garica, A. C. Generation and transmission of heel strike impacts in children running, footwear and gender influence. In Funchal (Ed.), In Proceedings of the XIV Symposium on biomechanics in sports, 1996; p297–300.
  • Alderson, L. M., Joksaite, S. X., Kemp, J., Main, E., Watson, T., Platt, F. M., Cortina Borja, M. Age-related gait standards for healthy children and young people: The GOS-ICH paediatric gait centiles. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2019;104(8):755–760.
  • Bartlett, R., Wheat, J., Robins, M. Is movement variability important for sports biomechanists? Sports biomechanics, 2007;6(2):224-243.
  • Beck, R. J., Andriacchi, T. P., Kuo, K. N., Fermier, R. W., Galante, J. O. Changes in the gait patterns of growing children. JBJS, 1981;63(9):1452-145
  • Ben Abdelkader, C., Cutler, R., Davis, L. Stride and cadence as a biometric in automatic person identification and verification. In Proceedings of Fifth IEEE international conference on automatic face gesture recognition, 2002;p372-377.
  • Bisi, M. C., Stagni, R. Complexity of human gait pattern at different ages assessed using multiscale entropy: From development to decline. Gait and Posture, 2016;47:37–42.
  • Ble, A., Volpato, S., Zuliani, G., Guralnik, J. M., Bandinelli, S., Lauretani, F., Ferrucci, L. Executive Function Correlates with Walking Speed in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2005;53(3):410–415.
  • Brenière, Y., Bril, B. Why do children walk when falling down while adults fall down in walking?. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de La Vie, 1988;307(11):617–622.
  • Buck, S. M., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D. M. The Relation of Aerobic Fitness to Stroop Task Performance in Preadolescent Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2008;40(1):166–172.
  • Cadenas Sánchez, C., Martínez Téllez, B., Sánchez Delgado, G., Mora González, J., Castro Piñero, J., Löf, M., Ortega, F. B. Assessing physical fitness in preschool children: Feasibility, reliability and practical recommendations for the PREFIT battery. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2016;19(11):910–915.
  • Cavanagh, P. R., Lafortune, M. A. Ground reaction forces in distance running. Journal of Biomechanics, 1980;13(5):397–406.
  • Chan, Z.Y.S., Zhang, J.H., Au, I.P.H., An, W.W., Shum, G.L.K., Ng, G.Y.F., Cheung, R.T.H. Gait Retraining for the Reduction of Injury Occurrence in Novice Distance Runners: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018;46(2):388–395.
  • Chang, C. L., Kubo, M., Buzzi, U., Ulrich, B. Early changes in muscle activation patterns of toddlers during walking. Infant Behavior and Development, 2006;29(2):175–188.
  • Chisari, C., Morgan, P. E., Malone, A., Tabard Fougère, A., Rutz, D., Pouliot Laforte, A., Wegrzyk, J. Are Clinical Impairments Related to Kinematic Gait Variability in Children and Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy? Front Hum Neurosci, 2022;16:816088
  • Ciprandi, D., Bertozzi, F., Zago, M., Ferreira, C. L. P., Boari, G., Sforza, C., Galvani, C. Study of the association between gait variability and physical activity. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 2017;14(1):1–10.
  • Consuegra González, P. J., García Pinillos, F., Mora López, D. J., Cardona Linares, A. J., Párraga Montilla, J. A., Latorre Román, P. Á. Effects of a 10-week running-retraining programme on the foot strike pattern of adolescents: A longitudinal intervention study. Gait & Posture, 2021;83:147–151.
  • Corporaal, S. H. A., Bruijn, S. M., Hoogkamer, W., Chalavi, S., Boisgontier, M. P., Duysens, J., Gooijers, J. Different neural substrates for precision stepping and fast online step adjustments in youth. Brain Structure and Function, 2018;223(4):2039–2053.
  • Corporaal, S. H. A., Swinnen, S. P., Duysens, J., Bruijn, S. M. Slow maturation of planning in obstacle avoidance in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2016;115(1):404–412.
  • Cumberworth, V. L., Patel, N. N., Rogers, W., Kenyon, G. S. The maturation of balance in children. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 2007;121(5):449-454.
  • Daoud, A. I., Geissler, G. J., Wang, F., Saretsky, J., Daoud, Y. A., Lieberman, D. E. Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: A retrospective study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2012;44:1325–1334
  • Dusing, S. C., Thorpe, D. E. A normative sample of temporal and spatial gait parameters in children using the GAITRite® electronic walkway. Gait & Posture, 2007;25(1), 135–139.
  • Egger, A. C., Oberle, L. M., Saluan, P. The Effects of Endurance Sports on Children and Youth. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review, 2019;27(1):35-39.
  • Goetz, M., Schwabova, J. P., Hlavka, Z., Ptacek, R., Surman, C. B. H. Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2017;13:873–880.
  • Goss, D. L., Gross, M. T. Relationships among self-reported shoe type, footstrike pattern, and injury incidence. U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, 2012;p25–31.
  • Gouelle, A., Leroux, J., Bredin, J., Mégrot, F. Changes in Gait Variability From First Steps to Adulthood: Normative Data for the Gait Variability Index. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2016;48(3):249–255.
  • Gouelle, A., Mégrot, F., Presedo, A., Husson, I., Yelnik, A., Penneçot, G. F. The Gait Variability Index: A new way to quantify fluctuation magnitude of spatiotemporal parameters during gait. Gait and Posture, 2013;38(3):461–465.
  • Greco, G., Settimo, M., Fischetti, F. Relationship between the correct running technique and lower back well-being perceived by the practitioner. Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), 2018;18(3):1796–1800.
  • Guffey, K., Regier, M., Mancinelli, C., Pergami, P. Gait parameters associated with balance in healthy 2- to 4-year-old children. Gait & Posture, 2016;43:165–169.
  • Hamill, J., Gruber, A. H., Derrick, T. R. Lower extremity joint stiffness characteristics during running with different footfall patterns. European Journal of Sport Science, 2014;14(2):130–136.
  • Hamill, J., Palmer, C., Van Emmerik, R. E. Coordinative variability and overuse injury. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 2012;(1):1-9.
  • Hardy, King, Farrell, Macniven, Howlett. Fundamental movement skills among Australian preschool children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010;13(5):503–508.
  • Hasegawa, H., Yamauchi, T., Kraemer, W. J. Footstrike patterns of runners at the 15km point during an elite-level half marathon. Strength And Conditioning, 2007;21(3):888–893.
  • Hausdorff, J. M., Peng, C. K., Ladin, Z., Wei, J. Y., Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Is walking a random walk? Evidence for long-range correlations in stride interval of human gait. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1995;78(1):349–358.
  • Hausdorff, J. M., Zemany, L., Peng, C. K., Goldberger, A. L. Maturation of gait dynamics: Stride-to-stride variability and its temporal organization in children. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1999;86(3):1040–1047.
  • Higuchi, T. Visuomotor control of human adaptive locomotion: Understanding the anticipatory nature. Frontiers in Psychology, 2013;4: 277.
  • Hillman, S.J., Stansfield, B.W., Richardson, A.M., Robb, J.E. Development of temporal and distance parameters of gait in normal children. Gait & Posture, 2009;29(1):81–85.
  • Hillman, S., Stansfield, B., Richardson, A., Robb, J. The development of walk ratio in normal children. Gait & Posture, 2008;28(sup 2):S67–S68.
  • Hollander, K., De Villiers, J. E., Venter, R., Sehner, S., Wegscheider, K., Braumann, K. M., Zech, A. Foot Strike Patterns Differ between Children and Adolescents Growing up Barefoot vsShod. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018;39(2):97–103.
  • Hollander, K., Riebe, D., Campe, S., Braumann, K.-M. M., Zech, A. Effects of footwear on treadmill running biomechanics in preadolescent children, 2014;40(3):381–385.
  • Hollander, K., Stebbins, J., Albertsen, I. M., Hamacher, D., Babin, K., Hacke, C., Zech, A. Arch index and running biomechanics in children aged 10–14 years. Gait and Posture, 2018;61:210–214.
  • Hussain, I., Anayat Hussain, S., Ahmad, F. Of advanced research influence of spatio-temporal parameters on gait speed in school children. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2016;4(4):768–772.
  • Kaplan, Y. Barefoot Versus Shoe Running: From the Past to the Present. © The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2014;42(1):30–35.
  • Kasuga, K., Demura, S., Aoki, H., Sato, T., Shin, S., Kawabata, H. The Effects of Obstacles and Age on Walking Time Within a Course and on a Balance Beam in Preschool Boys. Advances in Physical Education, 2012;02(02): 49–53.
  • Kelly, L. A., Farris, D. J., Lichtwark, G. A., Cresswell, A. G. The Influence of Foot-Strike Technique on the Neuromechanical Function of the Foot. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2018;50(1):98–108.
  • Kott, K. M., Held, S. L., Giles, E. F., Franjoine, M. R. Predictors of Standardized Walking Obstacle Course Outcome Measures in Children With and Without Developmental Disabilities. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2011;23(4):365–373.
  • Krabak, B. J., Snitily, B., Milani, C. J. E. Understanding and Treating Running Injuries in the Youth Athlete. Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, 2016;4(2):161–169.
  • Kung, S. M., Fink, P. W., Hume, P., Shultz, S. P. Kinematic and kinetic differences between barefoot and shod walking in children. Footwear Science, 2015;7(2): 95–105.
  • Kung, S. M., Fink, P. W., Legg, S. J., Ali, A., Shultz, S. P. Age-dependent variability in spatiotemporal gait parameters and the walk-to-run transition. Human Movement Science, 2019;66:600–606.
  • Larson, P., Higgins, E., Kaminski, J., Decker, T., Preble, J., Lyons, D., Normile, A. Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a longdistance road race. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011;29(15):1665–1673.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Párraga Montilla, J. A., Guardia Monteagudo, I., García Pinillos, F. Foot strike pattern in preschool children during running: sex and shod–unshod differences. European Journal of Sport Science, 2018;18(3):407–414.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Mora, D., Fernández, M., Salas, J., Moriana, F., García Pinillos, F. Fiabilidad test-retest de una batería de evaluación de la condición físicomotora en niños de 3 a 6 años. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 2015;32(4):1683–1688.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Martínez Redondo, M., Párraga Montilla, J. A., Lucena Zurita, M., Manjón Pozas, D., Consuegra González, P. J., Salas Sánchez, J. Analysis of dynamic balance in preschool children through the Balance Beam Test: A cross-sectional study providing reference values. Gait & Posture, 2020;83:294–299.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Consuegra González, P. J., Martínez Redondo, M., Cardona Linares, A. J., Salas Sánchez, J., Lucena Zurita, M., Párraga Montilla, J. A. (2020). Complex Gait in Preschool Children in a Dual-Task Paradigm Is Related to Sex and Cognitive Functioning: A Cross-Sectional Study Providing an Innovative Test and Reference Values. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2020;14(4):351-360.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Balboa, F. R., Pinillos, F. G. (2017). Foot strike pattern in children during shod-unshod running, Gait & Posture, 2017;58:220–222.
  • Latorre Román, P. Á., Redondo Balboa, F., Párraga Montilla, J., Soto Hermoso, V. M., Consuegra González, P. J., García Pinillos, F. Analysis of foot strike pattern, rearfoot dynamic and foot rotation over childhood. A cross-sectional study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019;37(5):477–483.
  • Lieberman, D. E. Strike type variation among Tarahumara Indians in minimal sandals versus conventional running shoes. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2014;3(2):86–94.
  • Lieberman, D. E., Venkadesan, M., Werbel, W. A., Daoud, A. I., Dandrea, S., Davis, I. S., Pitsiladis, Y. (2010). Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature, 2010;463(7280):531–535.
  • Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., Okely, A. D. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits. Sports medicine, 2010;40:1019-1035.
  • Maidan, I., Nieuwhof, F., Bernad-Elazari, H., Reelick, M. F., Bloem, B. R., Giladi, N., Mirelman, A. The Role of the Frontal Lobe in Complex Walking Among Patients With Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Older Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2016;30(10):963–971.
  • Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Jackson, P. L., Dumas, F., Doyon, J. Brain activations during motor imagery of locomotor-related tasks: A PET study. Human Brain Mapping, 2003;19(1):47–62.
  • Mickle, K. J., Munro, B. J., Steele, J. R. Gender and age affect balance performance in primary school-aged children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2011;14(3):243–248.
  • Miyamoto, A., Takeshita, T., Yanagiya, T. Differences in sprinting performance and kinematics between preadolescent boys who are fore/mid and rear foot strikers. PLoS ONE, 2018;13(10).
  • Mizushima, J., Seki, K., Keogh, J. W. L., Maeda, K., Shibata, A., Koyama, H., Ohyama Byun, K. Kinematic characteristics of barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children. PeerJ, 2018;6:e5188.
  • Molina Molina, A., Latorre Román, P. Á., Mercado Palomino, E., Delgado García, G., Richards, J., Soto Hermoso, V. M. The effect of two retraining programs, barefoot running vs increasing cadence, on kinematic parameters: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2022;32(3):533–542.
  • Müller, J., Müller, S., Baur, H., Mayer, F. Intra-individual gait speed variability in healthy children aged 1-15 years. Gait and Posture, 2013;38(4):631–636.
  • Murphy, I. D. Barefoot vs Running shoes-Comparing 20m sprint performance, spatiotemporal variables and foot strike patterns in schoolchildren in the Western Cape. 2017, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University.
  • Nguyen, T., Obeid, J., Timmons, B. W. Reliability of fitness measures in 3- to 5-year-old children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2011;23(2):250–260.
  • Paquette, M. R., Milner, C. E., Melcher, D. A. (2017). Foot contact angle variability during a prolonged run with relation to injury history and habitual foot strike pattern. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2017;27(2):217–222.
  • Perl, D. P., Daoud, A. I., Lieberman, D. E. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2012;44(7):1335–1343.
  • Plesek, J., Silvernail, J. F., Hamill, J., Jandacka, D. Footfall pattern during running in preschool children according to age and footwear. ISBS Proceedings Archive, 2020;38(1).
  • Pryde, K. M., Roy, E. A., Patla, A. E. Age-related trends in locomotor ability and obstacle avoidance. Human Movement Science, 1997;16(4):507–516.
  • Raffegeau, T. E., Kellaher, G. K., Terza, M. J., Roper, J. A., Altmann, L. J., Hass, C. J. Older women take shorter steps during backwards walking and obstacle crossing. Experimental Gerontology, 2019;122:60–66.
  • Rose Jacobs, R. Development of gait at slow, free, and fast speeds in 3-and 5-year-old children. Physical therapy, 1983;63(8):1251-1259.
  • Rosso, A. L., Metti, A. L., Faulkner, K., Redfern, M., Yaffe, K., Launer, L., Rosano, C. (2019). Complex Walking Tasks and Risk for Cognitive Decline in High Functioning Older Adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019;71(s1):S65–S73.
  • Schott, N.,Klotzbier, T. J. Profiles of cognitive-motor interference during walking in children: Does the motor or the cognitive task matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 2018;9:947.
  • Shumway Cook, A., Woollacott, M. H. Theory and practical applications. Motor control, 1995;89-90.
  • Tanaka, C., Hikihara, Y., Ohkawara, K., Tanaka, S. (2012). Locomotive and nonlocomotive activity as determined by triaxial accelerometry and physical fitness in Japanese preschool children. Pediatric exercise science, 2012;24(3):420-434.
  • Thelen, E. Treadmill-Elicited Stepping in Seven-Month-Old Infants. Child Development, 1986;57(6):1498.
  • Thevenon, A., Gabrielli, F., Lepvrier, J., Faupin, A., Allart, E., Tiffreau, V., Wieczorek, V. Collection of normative data for spatial and temporal gait parameters in a sample of French children aged between 6 and 12. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2015;58(3):139–144.
  • Van Gent, R. N., Siem, D., van Middelkoop, M., Van Os, A. G., Bierma Zeinstra, S. M. A., Koes, B. W. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 2007;41(8):469-480.
  • Vaughan, C. L. Theories of bipedal walking: An odyssey. In Journal of Biomechanics, 2003;36:513–523.
  • Voss, S., Joyce, J., Biskis, A., Parulekar, M., Armijo, N., Zampieri, C., O’Keefe, J. A. Normative database of spatiotemporal gait parameters using inertial sensors in typically developing children and young adults. Gait & Posture, 2020;80:206–213.
  • Vuori, I. M. Aerobic Physical Activities. Nutrition, Fitness, and Mindfulness: An Evidence-Based Guide for Clinicians, 2020;105-119.
  • Wegener, C., Hunt, A. E., Vanwanseele, B., Burns, J., Smith, R. M. Effect of children’s shoes on gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2011;4(1):3.
  • Zadpoor, A. A., Nikooyan, A. A. The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: a systematic review. Clinical biomechanics, 2011;26(1):23-28.