Fuerza, velocidad de marcha y tiempo de reacción en adultos mayores activos

  1. Rafael Al Nayf Mantas 1
  2. Juan A. Párraga Montilla 2
  3. Emilio Damián Lozano Aguilera 2
  4. Sergio López García 1
  5. José Enrique Moral García 1
  1. 1 Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02jj93564

  2. 2 Universidad de Jaén
    info

    Universidad de Jaén

    Jaén, España

    ROR https://ror.org/0122p5f64

Revista:
Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte

ISSN: 1577-0354

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 22

Número: 85

Páginas: 153-167

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte

Resumen

El envejecimiento implica pérdida de funcionalidad, existiendo una asociación entre mayores niveles de fuerza, de velocidad de marcha y de tiempo de reacción con un buen estado de salud. El objetivo es analizar el nivel de capacidades físicas y perceptivas de los participantes en un programa de actividad física. Participaron 170 adultos mayores (93 mujeres), de 65±6,8 años. La fuerza se midió con el press de banca, test de la silla y la prensión manual. La velocidad de la marcha en 8 y 30 m se midió con células fotoeléctricas y el tiempo de reacción con sistema optogait. Los resultados muestran un buen nivel de condición física, siendo los más mayores más lentos y con peor reacción a un estímulo. La fuerza disminuye al avanzar la edad, pero puede mantenerse en óptimos niveles con la práctica regular de actividad física.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aley, L., Miller, E. W., Bode, S., Hall, L., Markusic, J., Nicholson, M., & Winegardner, M. (2007). Effects of age, task complexity, and exercise on reaction time of women during ambulation tasks. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (2001), 30(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00002
  • Batty, G. D., Shipley, M. J., Dundas, R., Macintyre, S., Der, G., Mortensen, L. H., & Deary, I. J. (2009). Does IQ explain socio-economic differentials in total and cardiovascular disease mortality? Comparison with the explanatory power of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Vietnam Experience Study. European Heart Journal, 30(15), 1903-1909. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp254
  • Blain, H., Carriere, I., Sourial, N., Berard, C., Favier, F., Colvez, A., & Bergman, H. (2010). Balance and walking speed predict subsequent 8-year mortality independently of current and intermediate events in well-functioning women aged 75 years and older. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 14(7), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-010-0111-0
  • Bohannon, R. W. (1997). Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants. Age and Ageing, 26(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.1.15
  • Burton, C. L., Strauss, E., Hultsch, D. F., & Hunter, M. A. (2009). The relationship between everyday problem solving and inconsistency in reaction time in older adults. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 16(5), 607-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580903167283
  • Cheung, C.-L., Lam, K. S. L., & Cheung, B. M. Y. (2016). Evaluation of Cutpoints for Low Lean Mass and Slow Gait Speed in Predicting Death in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(1), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv112
  • Cornelissen, V. A., & Fagard, R. H. (2005). Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hypertension, 23(2), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200502000-00003
  • Dodson, J. A., Arnold, S. V, Gosch, K. L., Gill, T. M., Spertus, J. A., Krumholz, H. M., … Alexander, K. P. (2016). Slow Gait Speed and Risk of Mortality or Hospital Readmission After Myocardial Infarction in the Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction: Patients’ Health Status Registry. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(3), 596-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14016
  • Enns, D. L., & Tiidus, P. M. (2010). The influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle: sex matters. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 40(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319760-000000000-00000
  • Evans, W. J. (2015, julio). Sarcopenia Should Reflect the Contribution of Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle to Risk of Morbidity and Mortality in Elderly People. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Vol. 16, pp. 546-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.021
  • Ferreira, M. L., Sherrington, C., Smith, K., Carswell, P., Bell, R., Bell, M., … Vardon, P. (2012). Physical activity improves strength, balance and endurance in adults aged 40-65 years: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(3), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70105-4
  • Hagger-Johnson, G., Deary, I. J., Davies, C. A., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. D. (2014). Reaction time and mortality from the major causes of death: the NHANES-III study. PloS One, 9(1), e82959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082959
  • Izquierdo, M., Santos, J. I., Martínez, A. M. A., & Ayestarán, E. G. (2008). Envejecimiento y entrenamiento de fuerza: adaptaciones neuromusculares y hormonales. En Nuevas dimensiones en el entrenamiento de la fuerza: Aplicación de nuevos métodos, recursos y tecnologías (INDE Publi, pp. 149-176).
  • Jiménez, L. E. C., Pardo, A. Y. G., Quintero, G. A. G., & Muñoz, A. I. G. (2019). Explosive strength in older adults, training effects on maximum strength. Retos, (36), 64-68. Recuperado de https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060958001&partnerID=40&md5=8511c45f08b2c658af44a05bcbfba73e
  • Kamijo, K., Hayashi, Y., Sakai, T., Yahiro, T., Tanaka, K., & Nishihira, Y. (2009). Acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(3), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp030
  • Keller, K., & Engelhardt, M. (2013). Strength and muscle mass loss with aging process. Age and strength loss. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 3(4), 346-350.
  • Lang, T., Streeper, T., Cawthon, P., Baldwin, K., Taaffe, D. R., & Harris, T. B. (2010). Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporosis International?: A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 21(4), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1059-y
  • León, J., Oña, A., Ureña, A., Bilbao, A., & Bolaños, M. J. (2011). Effects of physical activity on reaction time in elderly wowen. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte, 11(44), 791-802. Recuperado de https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857174963&partnerID=40&md5=acfb414a892789f1ceb1e73d26c000dd
  • Lera-López, F., Garrues Irisarri, M. A., Ollo-López, A., Sánchez Iriso, E., Cabasés Hita, J. M., & Sánchez Santos, J. M. (2017). Physical activity and self-perceived health among people aged 50 years and over. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte, 17(67), 559-571. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2017.67.011
  • Lindsay, K. G. ., Obrosielski, D. D., & Knuth, N. D. (2015). Fatigability during a standardized walk can identify older adults in early stage of functional decline. International Journal of Exercise Science, 9(3), 58.
  • Lipps, D., Eckner, J., Richardson, J., Galecki, A., & Ashton-Miller, J. (2009). On gender differences in the reaction times of sprinters at 2008 Beijing Olimpics. American Society of Biomechanics conference, 1-2.
  • Mercer, V. S., Hankins, C. C., Spinks, A. J., & Tedder, D. D. (2009). Reliability and validity of a clinical test of reaction time in older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (2001), 32(3), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200932030-00004
  • Metter, E. J., Schrager, M., Ferrucci, L., & Talbot, L. A. (2005). Evaluation of movement speed and reaction time as predictors of all-cause mortality in men. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(7), 840-846. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.7.840
  • Mirelman, A., Herman, T., Brozgol, M., Dorfman, M., Sprecher, E., Schweiger, A., … Hausdorff, J. M. (2012). Executive function and falls in older adults: new findings from a five-year prospective study link fall risk to cognition. PloS One, 7(6), e40297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040297
  • Moral-García, J. E., Al Nayf Mantas, M. R., López-García, S., Maneiro, R., & Amatria, M. (2019). Nutritional Status and Physical Condition in Active vs. Sedentary Elderly People. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 19(76), 685-698.
  • Moral-García, J. E., García, D. O., García, S. L., Jiménez, M. A., & Dios, R. M. (2018). Influence of physical activity on self-esteem and risk of dependence in active and sedentary elderly people. Anales de Psicologia, 34(1), 162-166. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.1.294541
  • Munera, R. C. L., Campos, M. A. S. E., Martínez, A. V. N., Arévalo, J. M. A., Pinillos, F. G., & Román, P. A. L. (2016). Sociodemographic determinants and level of physical activity in the population of the province of Jaen over 18 years old. Retos, (29), 13-16. Recuperado de https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978863253&partnerID=40&md5=d921b6872d3426aca28ae4d897fdadfc
  • Neufer, P. D., Bamman, M. M., Muoio, D. M., Bouchard, C., Cooper, D. M., Goodpaster, B. H., … Laughlin, M. R. (2015). Understanding the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Physical Activity-Induced Health Benefits. Cell Metabolism, 22(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.011
  • Ojagbemi, A., D’Este, C., Verdes, E., Chatterji, S., & Gureje, O. (2015). Gait speed and cognitive decline over 2 years in the Ibadan study of aging. Gait & Posture, 41(2), 736-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.01.011
  • Pijnappels, M., Delbaere, K., Sturnieks, D. L., & Lord, S. R. (2010). The association between choice stepping reaction time and falls in older adults--a path analysis model. Age and Ageing, 39(1), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp200
  • Purser, J. L., Weinberger, M., Cohen, H. J., Pieper, C. F., Morey, M. C., Li, T., … Lapuerta, P. (2005). Walking speed predicts health status and hospital costs for frail elderly male veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 42(4), 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2004.07.0087
  • Reid, K. F., Pasha, E., Doros, G., Clark, D. J., Patten, C., Phillips, E. M., … Fielding, R. A. (2014). Longitudinal decline of lower extremity muscle power in healthy and mobility-limited older adults: influence of muscle mass, strength, composition, neuromuscular activation and single fiber contractile properties. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2728-2
  • Romero, S., Carrasco, L., Sañudo, B., & Chacón, F. (2010). Physical activity and perceived health status in adults from seville. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte, 10(39), 380-392. Recuperado de https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78149475926&partnerID=40&md5=f1ec8d6b9a80e94221dbd329a9077c10
  • Ruiz-Juan, F., & Zarauz, J. (2011). Beneficios de las actividades físico deportivas para la salud. IX Congreso Internacional sobre la Enseñanza de la Educación Física y el Deporte Escolar. https://doi.org/ISBN: 9788461536665
  • Ruiz, J. R., Sui, X., Lobelo, F., Morrow, J. R. J., Jackson, A. W., Sjöström, M., & Blair, S. N. (2008). Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 337(7661), a439. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a439
  • Saar, E., Paz, I., & Rosental, D. (1995). Reaction and movement time in relation to age, sex and physical occupation. En I. Wingate Institute (Ed.), AIESEP World Congress.
  • Shahudin, N. N., Yusof, S. M., Razak, F. A., Sariman, M. H., Azam, M. Z. M., & Norman, W. M. N. W. (2016). Effects of age on physical activity level, strength and balance towards fall risk index among women aged 20–73 years. En Springer Singapore. (Ed.), 2nd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2015 (pp. 25-34). Singapore.
  • Sorenson, S. C., & Flanagan, S. P. (2015). Age-related changes to composite lower extremity kinetics and their constituents in healthy gait: A perspective on contributing factors and mechanisms. Healthy Aging Research, 4(20), 1-9.
  • Srinivas-Shankar, U., Roberts, S. A., Connolly, M. J., O’Connell, M. D. L., Adams, J. E., Oldham, J. A., & Wu, F. C. W. (2010). Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(2), 639-650. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1251
  • Studenski, S., Perera, S., Patel, K., Rosano, C., Faulkner, K., Inzitari, M., … Guralnik, J. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA, 305(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923
  • Tanasescu, M., Leitzmann, M. F., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2002). Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA, 288(16), 1994-2000. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.1994
  • Thompson, P. D., Arena, R., Riebe, D., & Pescatello, L. S. (2013). ACSM’s new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, ninth edition. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 12(4), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31829a68cf
  • Tun, P. A., & Lachman, M. E. (2008). Age differences in reaction time and attention in a national telephone sample of adults: education, sex, and task complexity matter. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1421-1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012845
  • USDHHS, U. S. D. of H. and H. S. (2008). Prevalence of self-reported physically active adults--United States, 2007. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(48), 1297-1300.
  • Woo, J., Ho, S. C., & Yu, A. L. (1999). Walking speed and stride length predicts 36 months dependency, mortality, and institutionalization in Chinese aged 70 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(10), 1257-1260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb05209.x
  • Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 193. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00193
  • World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health 2010. Geneva.