Emotional intelligence and adult attachmenteffects on problematic smartphone usage

  1. Aranda López, María 1
  2. García Domingo, Marta 1
  3. Fuentes Gutiérrez, Virgina 1
  4. Linares Martínez, Rocío 1
  1. 1 Department of Psychology. University of Jaén (Spain)
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 38

Número: 1

Páginas: 36-45

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.463101 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Resumen

El uso del smartphone puede tornarse problemático cuando se presentan dificultades de regulación emocional. En la investigación se plantearon tres objetivos: analizar el efecto de las dimensiones de inteligencia emocional y el apego sobre el uso del smartphone; evaluar las diferencias en el uso problemático del móvil atendiendo a tipos y estilos de apego; explorar el efecto del sexo y la edad. Se utilizaron la Escala de Dependencia y Adicción al Smartphone, la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Wong & Law y el Cuestionario de Apego adulto. El estudio incluyó a 552 jóvenes (M = 21.79, SD = 2.66; 74.1% mujeres) seleccionados por muestreo intencional y clasificados en Generación Z y Millennials. Una baja conciencia de las propias emociones (inteligencia emocional), una pobre autoestima y necesidad de aprobación, la resolución hostil de conflictos, rencor y posesividad (apego) predecían el uso problemático. Además, el tipo inseguro de apego y los estilos negativos como el temeroso se relacionan más con este uso problemático. El sexo aportaba cierta capacidad explicativa, siendo las mujeres las que mostraron más problemas. Los hallazgos apoyan la relevancia de construir un apego seguro y positivo y de ser capaces de evaluar las propias emociones para prevenir los usos problemáticos del smartphone.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aranda, M., Fuentes, V., & García-Domingo, M. (2017). ‘No sin mi Smartphone’: Elaboración y validación de la Escala de Dependencia y Adicción al Smartphone (EDAS). Terapia psicológica, 35, 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082017000100004
  • Balta, S., Jonason, P., Denes, A., Emirtekin, E., Tosuntaş, S.B., Kircaburun, K., & Griffiths, M.D. (2019). Dark personality traits and problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of fearful attachment. Personality and Individual Differences, 149, 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.005
  • Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Social and Personal Psychology, 61, 226-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
  • Beranuy, M., Obersta, U., Carbonella, X., & Chamarro, A. (2009). Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1182-1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.001
  • Bernheim, D., Gander, M., Kriegel, M., Becker, M., Lischke, A., Mentel, R., Freyberger, H.J., & Buchheim, A. (2018). Veränderung von Bindungsmerkmalen im Verlauf einer Dialektisch Behavioralen Therapie für Borderline-Patientinnen. Journal of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy, 66, 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000347.
  • Beyderman, I., & Young, M.A. (2016). Rumination and over general autobiographical memory as mediators of the relationship between attachment and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.077
  • Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
  • Casale, S., Tella, L., & Fioravanti, G. (2013). Preference for online social interactions: direct and indirect effects of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 529-533. https://bit.ly/35yOepI
  • Clarke, A.T. (2006). Coping with interpersonal stress and psychosocial health among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9001-x
  • Ditrendia (2020). Informe ‘Ditrendia Mobile’ en España y en el Mundo 2020. Retrieved at https://mktefa.ditrendia.es/informe-mobile-2020
  • Duggan, M., & Brenner, J. (2013). The demographics of social media users – 2012. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. https://pewrsr.ch/3bSQr0l
  • Eichenberg, C., Schott, M., & Schroiff, A. (2019). Comparison of Students With and Without Problematic Smartphone Use in Light of Attachment Style. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00681
  • Eichenberg, C., Schott, M., Decker, O., & Sindelar, B. (2017). Attachment style and Internet addiction. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, e170. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6694
  • Extremera Pacheco, N., Rey, L., & Sánchez-Álvarez, N. (2019). Validation of the Spanish version of the Wong Law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS-S). Psicothema, 31, 94-100. http://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.147
  • Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Extremera, N. (2007). Inteligencia emocional y salud. En Mestre, J.M. & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (Eds), Manual de Inteligencia emocional, (pp. 173-187). Madrid: Pirámide. https://bit.ly/2Rn0YaC
  • Flores, C., Gamero Quequezana, K., Arias Gallegos, W., Melgar Carrasco, C., Sota Velásquez, A., & Ceballos Canaza, K. (2015). Adicción al celular en estudiantes de la universidad nacional de San Agustín y la universidad católica San Pablo. Revista Psicológica, 5, 13-25. https://bit.ly/3is95i5
  • García del Castillo, J.A., García del Castillo-López, A., Gázquez Pertusa1, M., & Carlos Marzo Campos, J. (2013). Emotional intelligence as an addiction prevention strategy. Health and Addictions, 13, 89-97. https://bit.ly/2ZNVXwH
  • Gónzalez-Yubero, S., Palomera, R., & Lázaro-Visa, S. (2020). Trait and ability emotional intelligence as factors associated with cannabis use in adolescence. Adicciones, 0, 1364. http://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1364
  • Hart, J., Nailling, E., Bizer, G.Y., & Collins, C.K. (2015). Attachment theory as a framework for explaining engagement with Facebook. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 33-40. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.016
  • Haverlag, D. (2013). Compulsief gebruik van sociale media op de smartphone. Utrecht: University of Utrecht. https://bit.ly/3bSReyl
  • Hormes, J.M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C.A. (2015). Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction, 109, 2079-2088. http://doi.org/10.1111/add.12713
  • Jeong, H., Kim, H.L., Yum, J.Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to? SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035
  • Kim, K.H., Byun, S.Y., & Im, S.H. (2016). Development of smartphone addiction scale for Korean adults. Journal of Institute for Social Sciences, 27, 131-154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097920
  • Kim, E., & Koh, E. (2018). Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students: The mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 264-271. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.037
  • Kim, E., Cho, I., & Kim, E.J. (2017). Structural Equation Model of Smartphone Addiction Based on Adult Attachment Theory: Mediating Effects of Loneliness and Depression. Asian Nursing Research, 30, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.002
  • Koh, E.Y., & Kim, E.H. (2017). The Impacts of anxiety and depression on smartphone addiction: Focusing on the moderating effect of gender. Journal of Digital Convergence, 15, 419-429. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2017.15.5.419
  • Khosravani, V., Bastan, F.S., Ghorbani, F. & Kamali, Z. (2017). Difficulties in emotion regulation mediate negative and positive effects and craving in alcoholic patients. Addictive Behaviors, 71, 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.029.
  • Kun, B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2010). Emotional Intelligence and Addictions: A Systematic Review. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 1131–1160. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080903567855
  • Lee, H.R., Lee, H.E., Choi, J., Kim, J.H., & Han, H.L. (2014). Social media use, body image, and psychological well-being: A cross-cultural comparison of Korea and the United States. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1343-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.904022.
  • Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social Media and Young Adults. Pew Internet & American Life Research Center. Retrieved at https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED525056.pdf
  • Li, Ch., Liu, D., & Dong, L. (2019). Self-Esteem and Problematic Smartphone Use among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Depression and Interpersonal Trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02872
  • Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (1999) Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00016-1
  • Melero, R., & Cantero, M. (2008). Los estilos afectivos en la población española: un cuestionario de evaluación del apego adulto. Clínica y salud, 19, 83-100. https://bit.ly/2GLhWxl
  • Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
  • Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, R.N., Eastabrook, J.M., Schell, S.L., & Wood, L.M. (2008). Problem gambling in adolescence: Relationships with internet misuse, gaming abuse and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.018
  • Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG.
  • Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile Phone Use and Stress, Sleep Disturbances, and Symptoms of Depression among Young Adults. A Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Public Health, 11, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66
  • Van Deursen, J.A.M, Bolle, C.L., Hegner, S.M., & Kommers, P.A.M. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
  • Van IJzendoorn, M.J., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.H. (2010). Invariance of adult attachment across gender, age, culture, and socioeconomic status? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360908
  • Wong, C.S., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1048-9843(02)00099-1
  • Yeo, J.Y., Kang, S.Y., & Kim D.H. (2014). The impact of attachment anxiety on smartphone addiction with a mediating effect of impulsivity and loneliness: Focused on the group of SNS and game. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 22, 47-69. https://doi.org/10.35151/kyci.2014.22.1.003
  • Zhang, Y., Tan, D., & Lei, T. (2020). Parental Attachment and Problematic Smartphone Use among Chinese Young Adults: A Moderated Mediation Model of Interpersonal Adaptation and Self-control. Journal of Adult Development, 27, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09331-2
  • Bland,J.M., & Altman, D.G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. BMJ, 314, 570-572. https://bit.ly/3oVSJT5
  • Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences infactors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1503-z
  • Chen, C., Zhang, K.Z.K., Gong, X., S.J., Zhao, Lee, M., & Liang, L. (2017). Examining the effects of motives and gender differences on smartphone addiction, Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.002
  • Chen, C., Zhang, K.Z.K., Gong, X., & Lee, M. (2019). Dual mechanisms of reinforcement reward and habit in driving smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone features. Internet Research, 29(6), 1551-1570. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-11-2018-0489
  • Cocoradă, E., Maican, C.I., Cazan, A.M., & Maican, M.A. (2018). Assessing the smartphone addiction risk andits associations with personality traits among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 345-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.08.006
  • Cortina, J.M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications.Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
  • D’Arienzo, M.C., Boursie, V. & Griffiths, M.D. (2019). Addiction to Social Media and Attachment Styles: A Systematic Literature Review. Interna-tional Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 17, 1094–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00082-5
  • DeVellis R. (2003). Scale development: theory and applications: theory and application. Sage.
  • De-Sola Gutiérrez,J., Rodríguez De Fonseca, F., Rubio, G. (2016). Cell-phone addiction: a review. Frontiers in Psychiatry,7, 175e. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175.
  • Fischer-Grote, L., Kothgassner, O.D., & Felnhofer, A. (2019). Risk factors for problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents: a review of existing literature. Neuropsychiatry, 33, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-019-00319-8
  • García-Domingo, M., Fuentes, V., Pérez-Padilla, J., & Aranda, M. (2020). EDAS-18: validación de la versión corta de la escala de dependencia y adicción al smartphone. Terapia Psicológica, 38(3), 339-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082020000300339
  • Kaiser, E. (2018). The association between smartphone use and emotional intelligence on romantic relationship satisfaction among young adults. Theses and Disserta-tions-Family Sciences. https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2018.115
  • Mascia, M.L., Agus, M., &, Penna, M.P. (2020). Emotional Intelligence, Self-Regulation, Smartphone Addiction: Which Relationship With Student Well-Being and Quality of Life? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00375
  • Olson, J.A., Sandra, D.A., Colucci, É. S., Bikaii, A. A., Nahas, J., Chmoule-vitch, D., ... Veissière, S. P. L. (2020). Smartphone addiction is increas-ing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fsn6v
  • Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. Interna-tional Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752
  • Sohn, S.Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N.J. y Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health out-comes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and grade of the evidence. BMC Pshychiatry, 19, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet