Cultural Influences in the Processing of Emotion Schemas Related to Death and ViolenceA Pilot Study

  1. Celia Martí-García
  2. Manuel Fernández-Alcántara
  3. César Hueso-Montoro
  4. Rafael Montoya-Juárez
  5. Athanasios Pappous
  6. M. Paz García-Caro
Revista:
Revista de estudios sociales

ISSN: 1900-5180 0123-885X

Ano de publicación: 2018

Número: 66

Páxinas: 71-79

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.7440/RES66.2018.07 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Revista de estudios sociales

Resumo

ABSTRACT Culture is a key element in determining emotions that people experience when facing death. Recent studies revealed a specific emotion schema for the affective response to death (in comparison with unpleasant/violence-related stimulus), influenced by differences in the personalities and learning processes of the individuals, on the one hand, and differences in the cultural and social contexts of the two groups, on the other. The objective of the research was to compare the English participants’ affective response to pictures of death to those of the Spanish participants, who viewed other types of affective pictures (pleasant, unpleasant/violence-related and neutral). A total of 38 young adults took part in an emotional assessment using a set of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) database. They indicated the values of valence, arousal and dominance for each affective image. The results show that the images related to death were less unpleasant and caused a lower activation in the English population, while there were no differences in the two group’s responses to unpleasant/violent images.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar,van de Vijver, Fons. J. R.,Fernández, Itziar,Paez, Dario,Campos, Miryam,Carrera, Pila. (2011). “Implicit Theories About Interrelations of Anger Components in 25 Countries.”. Emotion. 11. 1-11
  • Anderson, Craig,Shibuya, Akiko,Ihori, Nobuko,Swing, Edward,Bushman, Brad,Sakamoto, Akir. (2010). “Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior in Eastern and Western Countries: A Meta-Analytic Review.”. Psychological Bulletin. 136. 151
  • Asakura, Hirok. (2016). “Linking Up Violence and Emotions: Experiences of Central American Women Migrants Residing in Houston, Texas.”. Sociológica. 31. 89
  • Becker, Ernes. (2003). La negación de la muerte. Editorial Kairos. Barcelona.
  • Bergeron, Natasha,Schneider, Barr. (2005). “Explaining Cross‐National Differences in Peer‐Directed Aggression: A Quantitative Synthesis.”. Aggressive Behavior. 31. 116
  • Bradley, Margaret,Codispoti, Maurizio,Cuthbert, Bruce. N.,J.Lang, Peter. (2001). “Emotion and Motivation I: Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing.”. Emotion. 1. 276
  • Cohen, Joachim,Pivodic, Lara,Miccinesi, Guido,Onwuteaka-Philipsen, Bregje,Naylor, Wayne,Wilson, Donn. (2015). “International Study of the Place of Death of People with Cancer: A Population-Level Comparison of 14 Countries across 4 Continents using Death Certificate Data.”. British Journal of Cancer. 113. 1397
  • Derogatis, Leonard R. (2002). SCL-90-R: cuestionario de 90 síntomas: manual. TEA ediciones. Madrid.
  • Evans, Jonathan,Walters, Andrew,Hatch-Woodruff, Marjori. (1999). “Deathbed Scene Narratives: A Construct and Linguistic Analysis.”. Death Studies. 23. 715
  • Fernández-Alcántara, Manuel,Cruz-Quintana, Francisco,Marfil, M. Nieves,Catena-Martínez, Andrés,Pérez-García, Miguel,Hugh Turnbull, Olive. (2016). “Assessment of Emotional Experience and Emotional Recognition in Complicated Grief.”. Frontiers in Psychology. 7.
  • Ford, Brett,Mauss, Iri. (2015). “Culture and Emotion Regulation.”. Current Opinion in Psychology. 3. 1-5
  • Frankova, Helen. (2018). “CQC’s State of Hospice Services in England 2014-2017 Report.”. Nursing and Residential Care. 20. 111
  • Grossmann, Igor,Ellsworth, Phoebe. C.,Hong, Ying-y. (2012). “Culture, Attention, and Emotion.”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 141. 31
  • Gysels, Marjolein,Evans, Natalie,Meñaca, Arantza,Andrew, Erin,Toscani, Franco,Finetti, Sylvia,Pasman, Roeline H.,Higginson, Irene,Harding, Richar. (2012). “Culture and End of Life Care: A Scoping Exercise in Seven European Countries.”. PLoS One. 7.
  • Hodes, Rpbert L.,Cook, Edwin W.,Lang, Peter J. (1985). “Individual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?”. Psychophysiology. 22. 545
  • Huang, Jinwen,Xu, Dongrong,Peterson, Bradley S.,Hu, Jianbo,Cao, Linfeng,Wei, Ning,Zhang, Yingran,Yi Xu, Weijuan Xu,Hu, Shaohu. (2015). “Affective Reactions Differ between Chinese and American Healthy Young Adults: A cross-Cultural Study Using the International Affective Picture System”. BMC Psychiatry. 15. 60
  • Izard, Carol. E. (2007). “Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm.”. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2. 260
  • Izard, Carol. . (2009). “Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues”. Annual Review of Psychology. 60. 1-25
  • Izard, Carol. E,King, Kristen. A.,Trentacosta, Christopher. J,Morgan, Judith K.,Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe,Krauthamer-Ewing, E. Stephanie,Finlon, Kristy . (2008). “Accelerating the Development of Emotion Competence in Head Start Children.”. Development and Psychopathology. 20. 369
  • Khan, Amina,Schmidt, Louis A.,Chen, Xinyi. (2017). “Cultural Neuroscience of Emotion: Toward a Developmental Framework.”. Psychology & Neuroscience. 10. 11-40
  • Kim, Heenjung. S,Sasaki, Joni. Y. (2014). “Cultural Neuroscience: Biology of the Mind in Cultural Contexts.”. Annual Review of Psychology. 65. 487-514
  • Kim, Emily,Cohen, Do. (2017). “Roads More and Less Traveled: Different Emotional Routes to Creativity among Protestants and Catholics.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 112. 901
  • Koopmann-Holm, Birgit,Tsai, Jeanne L. (2014). “Focusing on the Negative: Cultural Differences in Expressions of Sympathy.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 107. 1092
  • Lang, Peter J.,Bradley, Margaret M.,Cuthbert, Bruce N. (1997). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. Florida.
  • Lutz, Catherin. (1988). “Ethnographic Perspectives on the Emotion Lexicon.”. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. 44. 399-419
  • Lutz, Catherine,White, Geoffrey M. (1986). “The Anthropology of Emotions.”. Annual Review of Anthropology. 15. 405
  • Marti-Garcia, Celia,Fernández-Alcántara, Manuel,Schmidt-Riovalle, Jacqueline,Cruz-Quintana, Francisco,Garcia-Caro, María P.,Pérez-García, Migue. (2017). “Specific Emotional Schema of Death-Related Images vs Unpleasant Images/ Esquema emocional específico de imágenes relacionadas con la muerte frente a imágenes desagradables.”. Estudios de Psicología. 38. 689-706
  • Marti-Garcia, Celia,Garcia-Caro, María P.,Schmidt-Riovalle, Jacqueline,Fernández-Alcántara, Manuel,Montoya-Juárez, Rafael,Cruz-Quintana, Francisc. (2016). “Palliative Care Training and its Effects on Emotional Evaluation of Death-related Images”. Medicina Paliativa. 23. 72
  • Marti-Garcia, Celia,Garcia-Caro, Maria P.,Cruz-Quintana, Francisco,Schmidt-Riovalle, Jacqueline,Perez-García, Migue. (2016). “Emotional Responses to Images of Death: A New Category of Emotional Processing?”. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying. 72. 191-209
  • Matsumoto, David,Sung Hwang, Hy. (2012). “Culture and Emotion: The Integration of Biological and Cultural Contributions.”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 43. 91-118
  • Maxfield, Molly,Pyszczynski, Tom,Kluck, Benjamin,Cox, Cathy R.,Greenberg, Jeff,Solomon, Sheldon,Weise, Davi. (2007). “Age-Related Differences in Responses to Thoughts of One’s Own Death: Mortality Salience and Judgments of Moral Transgressions”. Psychology and Aging. 22. 341
  • Metcalf, Peter,Huntington, Richar. (1991). Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  • Moltó, Javier,Moltó, Javier,Segarra, Pilar,López, Raúl,Esteller, Àngels,Fonfría, Alicia,Pastor, M. Carmen,Poy, Rosari. (1999). “Un método para el estudio experimental de las emociones: el International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Adaptación española.”. Revista de la Federación Española de Asociaciones de Psicología. 52. 55-87
  • Mortimer, Ia. (2015). The Dying and the Doctors: The Medical Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. Suffolk.
  • Neimeyer, Robert . (1994). Death Anxiety Handbook: Research, Instrumentation, and Application. Taylor and Francis. New York.
  • Olarte, Juan Manuel . (2014). “Información al paciente en situación terminal: diferencias entre las publicaciones anglosajonas y la experiencia diaria en España.”. Medicina Paliativa. 21. 113
  • O’Neill, Mar. (2011). “Speaking to the Dead: Images of the Dead in Contemporary Art”. Health. 15. 299-312
  • Panksepp, Jaa. (2007). “Neurologizing the Psychology of Affects: How Appraisal-Based Constructivism and Basic Emotion Theory can Coexist.”. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2. 281
  • Riegel, Monika,Moslehi, Abnoos,Michałowski, Jaroslaw M.,Zurawski, Łukasz,Horvat, Marko,Wypych, Marek,Jednoróg, Katarzyna,Marchewka, Artu. (2017). “Nencki Affective Picture System: Cross-Cultural Study in Europe and Iran.”. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. 274
  • Rosenblatt, Paul . (1993). Ethnic Variations in Dying, Death, and Grief: Diversity in Universality. Taylor and Francis. New York.
  • Scheff, Thomas . (2010). “Emotions and Violence. [Review of the book Familicidal Hearts: The Emotional Styles of 211 Killers. N. Websdale]”. PsycCRITIQUES. 55. 36
  • Scheff, Thomas J.,Retzinger, Suzanne M. (2001). Emotions and Violence: Shame and Rage in Destructive Conflicts. iUniverse. Lincoln.
  • (2015). “The Quality of Death Index 2015 - Ranking Palliative Care across the World.”.
  • Varnum, Michael E.W,Hampton, Ryan S. (2017). “Cultures Differ in the Ability to Enhance Affective Neural Responses.”. Social Neuroscience. 12. 594-603
  • Vila, Jaime,Sánchez, María,Ramírez, Isabel,Fernández, M. Carmen,Cobos, Pilar,Rodríguez, Sonia,Muñoz, Miguel Ángel,Tormo, M. Pilar,Herrero, Marí. (2001). “The International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Spanish Adaptation. Second Part.”. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada. 54. 635
  • Walter, Ton. (2012). “Why Different Countries Manage Death Differently: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Urban Societies.”. The British Journal of Sociology. 63. 123
  • Watson, Roger,Hoogbruin, Amandah L.,Rumeu, Carmen,Beunza, Maribel,Barbarin, Beatriz,Macdonald, Julie,McCready, Trace. (2003). “Differences and Similarities in the Perception of Caring between Spanish and UK Nurses.”. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 12. 85-92
  • Wierzbicka, Ann. (1999). Emotions across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and Universals. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  • Zhicha, Xu,Rongsheng, Zhu,Chanchan, Shen,Bingren, Zhang,Qianquian, Gao,You, Xu,Wang, Wan. (2017). “Selecting Pure-Emotion Materials from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) by Chinese University Students: A Study Based on Intensity-Ratings Only.”. Heliyon. 3.