Modelado y simulación para la predicción de explosiones en espacios confinados

Resumen

CONTEXTO Y MOTIVACIÓN Los incendios en recintos confinados son un tipo de emergencia que involucra a bomberos cuyas vidas a veces se ponen en peligro. En cualquier incendio confinado, el equipo de emergencia puede encontrar dos tipos de ambientes de combustión, ventilados o infra-ventilados. El comportamiento cambiante de este escenario depende de múltiples factores como el tamaño del recinto, la ventilación o el combustible involucrado, entre otros. Sin embargo, la dificultad de manejar este tipo de situaciones junto con el potencial error humano sigue siendo un desafío sin resolver para los bomberos en la actualidad. En ocasiones, si se dan las condiciones adecuadas, pueden aparecer los fenómenos, extremadamente peligrosos, que son estudio de este trabajo (flashover y backdraft). Por lo tanto, existe una gran demanda de nuevas técnicas y tecnologías, así como avances científicos y tecnológicos para abordar este tipo de emergencias que amenazan la vida y puede causar graves daños estructurales. A lo anterior hay que añadir que, la incorporación de cámaras térmicas en los servicios de extinción de incendios y salvamentos supone un gran avance que puede ayudar a prevenir estos tipos de fenómenos en tiempo real utilizando técnicas de inteligencia artificial. DESARROLLO TEÓRICO Una vez finalizado el análisis del estado del arte, se llega a la conclusión de que no hay suficiente conocimiento (hasta dónde se ha investigado) sobre el fenómeno del backdraft. Por este motivo, a partir de este punto la investigación se centra en el fenómeno del flashover. Debido a la complejidad de obtener una base de datos de casos reales relacionados con estos fenómenos, se ha adoptado por utilizar técnicas de modelado y simulación. En esta tesis se proponen dos métodos para crear y validar un conjunto de datos sintéticos. El primer método se basa en la obtención de las imágenes sintéticas a partir de los datos de simulaciones obtenidas con un software de simulación de fluidos computacional (CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics). Para validar el conjunto de datos sintéticos se propone un segundo método que consiste en comparar cuantitativamente los datos obtenidos con dos experimentos reales haciendo uso de la distancia Wasserstein. Finalmente, para predecir el fenómeno flashover se propone un método de predicción usando el conjunto de datos sintéticos creado. Para probar el modelo de predicción resultante se realizan dos experimentos reales. CONCLUSIÓN De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que es posible predecir el fenómeno flashover con el método propuesto. 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