Una revisión de la literatura experimental sobre los efectos motivacionales del alcohol y su modulación por factores biológicos y ambientales

  1. Torre, María L. de la
  2. Escarabajal Arrieta, María Dolores
  3. Agüero, Angeles
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2013

Volumen: 29

Número: 3

Páginas: 934-943

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.29.3.154561 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Resumen

El alcohol es posiblemente la droga psicoactiva más consumida en el mundo. La ingesta moderada es común, pero para algunos individuos el consumo de alcohol se convierte en un trastorno adictivo. La progresión desde un consumo moderado de alcohol hasta el abuso podría deberse a la existencia de una sensibilidad diferencial, genéticamente determinada, a los efectos reforzantes y aversivos del alcohol. Así mismo, se sugiere que factores ambientales, como el estrés, podrían intervenir en el inicio del alcoholismo, influyendo sobre dicha sensibilidad diferencial y, en última instancia, sobre el consumo de alcohol. En el presente trabajo se revisa la literatura experimental existente acerca de los elementos protagonistas en la relación entre estrés y etanol. Por una parte se revisan los principales mode-los de estrés existentes y, por otra, se aborda el estudio de las propiedades reforzantes y aversivas de esta droga, incluyendo datos sobre la influencia de variables como la edad, el sexo, y la experiencia previa con la droga. Fi-nalmente, se expone un resumen de los datos existentes sobre la investiga-ción con animales sobre la influencia del estrés en la percepción de las pro-piedades motivacionales opuestas del etanol. Nuestro objetivo es contribuir a clarificar el conocimiento existente acerca de las relaciones entre determinados factores biológicos (como el sexo o la edad) y ambientales (experiencia previa y estrés), y la conducta de ingesta de alcohol, poniendo de manifiesto la importancia de algunos factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del alcoholismo

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