Liderazgo transformacional y sus efectos en las empresas familiaresun análisis diferencial y evolutivo

  1. Vallejo Martos, Manuel Carlos
Revista:
Revista europea de dirección y economía de la empresa

ISSN: 1019-6838

Año de publicación: 2009

Volumen: 18

Número: 1

Páginas: 105-122

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista europea de dirección y economía de la empresa

Resumen

El presente trabajo responde a una investigación llevada a cabo para conocer en qué medida el liderazgo en las empresas familiares difiere o no del ejercido en empresas de naturaleza no familiar en su grado de transformacionalidad, sus posibles efectos en el grado de cohesión y la influencia que tiene sobre el mismo el paso del tiempo o la evolución de los negocios familiares Utilizando como marco teórico la teoría del liderazgo transformacional y la de identidad social se pone de manifiesto que el liderazgo en la empresa familiar es más transformacional que el ejercido en empresas no familiares, más próximo a liderazgos de tipo transaccional, especificando a la vez los aspectos en los que residen estas diferencias. Asimismo, también el trabajo revela la existencia de diferencias en cuanto al grado de cohesión de grupo, más elevado en empresas familiares, tal como predice la literatura al respecto. Para este propósito se han analizado 410 cuestionarios de empresas del sector de distribución automovilística, utilizándose como técnica para recabar información el cuestionario postal autoadministrado.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ABRAMS, D.; HOGG, M. (1998): "Prospects for Research in Group Procesess and Intergroup Relations", Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1, pp. 7-20.
  • AMAT, J. (1998): La continuidad de la empresa familiar. Barcelona: Gestión 2000.
  • AMBURGEY, T.; MINER, A. (1992): "Strategic Momentum: The Effects of Repetitive Positional and Contextual Momentum on Merger Activity", Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp. 335-348.
  • ANSOFF, H. (1985): La dirección y su actitud ante el entorno. Bilbao: Deusto.
  • BANDURA, A. (1986): Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-Cognitive View. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  • BARRON, D.; WEST, E.; HANNAN, M. (1994): "A Time to Grow and a Time to die: Growth and Mortality of Credit Unions in New York City, 1914-1990", American Journal of Sociology, 100, pp. 381-421.
  • BASS, B. (1985): Leadership Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: Academic Press.
  • BASS, B. (1997): "Does the Transactional-Transformational Paradigm Transcend Organizational and National Boundaries?", American Psychologist, 52, pp. 130-139.
  • BASS, B (1998): Transformational Leadership: Industrial Military and Educational Impact. Mahwah: Lawrence Elbaum.
  • BASS, B. (1999): "Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, pp. 9-32.
  • BASS, B.; AVOLIO, B. (1990): Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.
  • BASS, B.; AVOLIO, B. (1993): "Transformational Leadership: A Response to Critiques", en M. Chemmers y R. Ayman [ed.]: Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions, pp. 49-80. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • BASS, B.; AVOLIO, B. [ed.] (1994): Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • BASS, B.; AVOLIO, B. (1997): Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto: Mind Garden.
  • BASS, B.; STEIDLMEIER, P. (1999): "Ethics, Character and Authentic Transformational Leadership Behavior", Leadership Quarterly, 10, pp. 181-217.
  • BEERH, T. (1976): "Perceived Situational Moderators of the Relationship Between Subjective Role Ambiguity and Role Strain", Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, pp. 35-40.
  • BLUNT, P. (1991): "Organizational Culture and Development", International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2, pp. 55-71.
  • BRYMAN, A. (1992): Charisma and Leadership in Organizations. London: Sage.
  • BURNS, J. (1978): Leadership. New York: Harper Row.
  • CAMISÓN, C. (1999): "Sobre cómo medir las competencias distintivas: un examen empírico de la fiabilidad y validez de los modelos multi-ítem para la medición de los activos intangibles", Actas de la I Conferencia Internacional de la Academia Iberoamericana de Dirección de Empresas. (En soporte informático).
  • CARLESS, S.; WEARING, A.; MANN, L. (2000): "A Short Measure of Transformational Leadership", Journal of Business and Psychology, 14, pp. 389- 405.
  • CHRISTENSEN, E.; GORDON, G. (1999): "An Exploration of Industry, Culture and Revenue Growth", Organization Studies, 20, pp. 397-422.
  • CHURCHILL, N.; HATTEN, K. (1987): "Non-Market- Based Transfers of Wealth and Power: A Research Framework for Family Business", American Journal of Small Business, (Fall), pp. 53-66.
  • CONGER, J. (1989): The Charismatic Leader. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • CONGER, J.; KANUNGO, R. (1987): "Toward a Behavioural Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings", Academy of Management Review, 12, pp. 637-647.
  • CONGER, J.; KANUNGO, R. (1988): "Behavioural Dimensions of Charismatic Leadership", en J. Conger y R. Kanungo [ed.]: Charismatic Leadership: The Elusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness, pp. 78-97. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • CONGER, J.; KANUNGO, R. (1992): "Perceived Behavioural Attributes of Charismatic Leadership", Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 24, pp. 86- 102.
  • CONGER, J.; KANUNGO, R. (1994): "Charismatic Leadership in Organizations: Perceived Behavioural Attributes and their Measurement", Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, pp. 439-452.
  • CONGER, J.; KANUNGO, R. (2000): "Charismatic Leadership and Follower Effects", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, pp. 747-767.
  • COOK, J.; WALL, T. (1980): "New York Attitude Measures of Trust, Organizational Commitment and Personal Need Fulfilment", Journal of Occupational Social Psychology, 53, pp. 39-52.
  • DAVIS, P.; HARVESTON, P. (1999); "In the Founder's Shadow: Conflict in the Family Firm", Family Business Review, 12, pp. 311-323.
  • DEAL, T.; KENNEDY, A. (1982): Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • DEN HARTOG, D.; VAN MUIJEN, J.; KOOPMAN, P. (1997): "Transactional versus Transformational Leadership: An Analysis of the MLQ", Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, pp. 19-34.
  • DESHPANDE, R.; FARLEY, J.; WEBSTER, F. (1993): "Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis", Journal of Marketing, 57, pp. 23-27.
  • DIONNE, S.; YAMMARINO, F.; ATWATER, L.; SPANGLER, W. (2004): "Transformational Leadership and Team Performance", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17, pp. 177-193.
  • DYER, W. (1986): Cultural Change in Family Firms: Anticipating and Managing Business and Family Traditions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • EMERY, C.; BARKER, C. (2007): "The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel", Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 11, pp. 77-90.
  • FIOL, C.; HARRIS, D.; HOUSE, R. (1999): "Charismatic Leadership: Strategies for Effecting Social Change", Leadership Quarterly, 10, pp. 449-482.
  • GORDON, G. (1991): "Industry Determinants of Organizational Culture", Academy of Management Review, 16, pp. 396-415.
  • GRAPENTINE, T. (1995): "Problematic Scales: When Measuring Quality, Expectations Scales Exhibit Several Drawbacks", Marketing Research, 6, pp. 8-12.
  • HANDY, C. (1986a): L'Olympe des managers. Culture d'enterprise et organisation. Paris: Hommes et Techniques.
  • HANDY, C. (1986b): Understanding Organizations. Middlesex: Penguin.
  • HARRISON, R. (1972): "Understanding Your Organization's Character", Harvard Business Review, (May-June), pp. 119-128.
  • HATER, J.; BASS, B. (1988): "Superiors' Evaluations and Subordinates' Perceptions of Transformational and Transactional Leadership", Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, pp. 695-702.
  • HAVEMAN, H. (1993): "Organizational Size and Change: Diversification in the Savings and Loan Industry after Deregulation", Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, pp. 20-50.
  • HOGG, M. (2001): "A Social Identity Theory of Leadership", Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, pp. 184-200.
  • HUI, W.; LAW, K.; HACKETT, R.; DUANXU, W.; ZHEN, X. (2005):"Leader- Member Exchange as a Mediator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Followers' Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior", Academy of management Journal, 48, pp. 420-432.
  • IBRAHIM, A.; ELLIS, W. (1994): Family Business Management.Concepts and Practice. Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt.
  • JIATAO-LI, X.; PILLUTLA, M. (2002): "Multi-cultural Leaders Teams and Organizational Identification in International Joint Ventures", International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, pp. 320-337.
  • KANUNGO, R.; MENDONCA, M. (1996a): Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • KANUNGO, R.; MENDONCA, M. (1996b): "Cultural Contingencies and Leadership in Developing Countries", en P. Bamberger, M. Erez y S. Bacharach [ed.]: Research in Sociology of Organizations, vol. 14, pp. 263-295. Greenwich: JAI Press.
  • KELLY, D.; AMBURGEY, T. (1991): "Organizational Inertia and Momentum: A Dynamic Model of Strategic Change", Academy of Management Journal, 34, pp. 591-612.
  • KETS DE VRIES, M. (1996): Family Business: Human Dilemmas in the Family Firm. London: Thomson Business Press.
  • KRISHNAN, V. (2005): "Transformational Leadership and Outcomes: Role of Relationship duration", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26, pp. 442-457.
  • LEACH, P. (1993): La empresa familiar. Barcelona: Granica.
  • LÓPEZ, E.; MORALES, J. (1998): "Carisma y cultura en las organizaciones productivas: un estudio desde la perspectiva de los niveles de análisis", Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones, 14, pp. 279-293.
  • NELSON, T. (2003): "The Persistence of Founder Influence: Management, Ownership, and Performance Effects at Initial Public Offering" Strategic Management Journal, 24, pp. 707-724.
  • NUNNALLY, J. (1987): Teorías psicométricas. México: Trillas.
  • OGBONNA, E.; HARRIS, L. (2000): "Leadership Style, Organizational Culture and Performance: Empirical Evidence from the UK Companies", International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11, pp. 766-788.
  • PETERSON, R. (1994): "A Meta-analysis of Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha", Journal of Consumer Research, 21, pp. 381-391.
  • PILLAI, R.; WILLIAMS, E. (2004): "Transformational Leadership, Self-efficacy, Group Cohesivenes, Commitment and Performance", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17, pp.144-158.
  • PIPER, W.; MARRACHE, M.; LACROIX, R.; RICHARDSEN, A.; JONES, B. (1983): "Cohesion as a Basic Bond in Groups", Human Relations, 36, pp. 93-108.
  • POPPER, M.; MAYSELESS, O.; CASTELNOVO, O. (2000): "Transformational Leadership and Attachment", Leadership Quarterly, 11, pp. 267-289.
  • POUTZIOURIS, P. (2001): "The Views of Family Companies on Venture Capital: Empirical Evidence from the UK Small to Medium-Size Enterprising Economy", Family Business Review, 14, pp. 277-291.
  • RIORDAN, D.; RIORDAN, M. (1993): "Field Theory: An Alternative to Systems Theories in Understanding the Small Family Business", Journal of Small Business Management, (April), pp. 66-78.
  • SETHIA, N.; VON GLINOW, M. (1985): "Arriving at Four Cultures by Managing the Reward System", en R. Kilman, M. Saxton, R. Serpa y asociados [ed.]: Gaining Control of Corporate Culture, pp. 400-420. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • SHAMIR, B; HOUSE, R.M ARTHUR, M. (1993): "The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Theory", Organization Science, 4, pp. 1-17.
  • SMITH, E.; MURPHY, J.; COATS, S. (1999): "Attachment to Groups: Theory and Measurement", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, pp. 94-110.
  • SONFIELD, M.; LUSSIER, R. (2004): "Firts-, second-, and third-generation family firms: a comparison", Family Business Review, 17, pp. 189-202.
  • SORENSON, R. (2000): "The contribution of Leadership Style and Practices to Family and Business Success", Family Business Review, 13, pp. 183-200.
  • SOSIK, J.; GODSHALK, V.; YAMMARINO, F. (2004): "Transformational Leadership, Learning Goal Orientation and Expectations for Career Success in Mentor-Protégé Relationships: A Multiple Levels of Analysis Perspective", The Leadership Quarterly, 15, pp. 241-261.
  • SOSIK, J.; POTOSKY, D.; JUNG, D. (2002): "Adaptive Self-Regulation: Meetings Others' Expectations of Leadership and Performance", The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, pp. 211-232.
  • SPARKS, J.; SCHENK, J. (2001): "Explaining the Effects of Transformational Leadership: An Investigation of the Effects on Subordinates", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, pp. 849-867.
  • TAGIURI, R.; DAVIS, J.A. (1996): "Bivalent Attributes of the Family Firm", Family Business Review, 9, pp. 199-208.
  • TIMMONS, J. (1994): New Venture Creation. Burr Ridge: Irwin.
  • TIMMONS, J.; SMOLLEN, L.; DINGEE, L. (1990): New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship in the 1990s. Homewood: Irwin.
  • TUCKER, S.; TURNER, N.; BARLING, J.; REID, E.; ELVING, C. (2006): "Apologies and Transformational Leadership", Journal of Business Ethics, 63, pp. 195-207.
  • VALLEJO MARTOS, M. (2005): "Cuando definir es una necesidad: una propuesta integradora y operativa del concepto de empresa familiar", Revista de Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de Empresa, 11, pp. 151-171.
  • VERNETTE, E. (1995): "Eficacia de los instrumentos de estudio: evaluación de las escalas de medida", Investigation and Marketing, 48, pp. 49-66.
  • VIATOR, R. (2001): "The Relevance of Transformational Leadership to Nontraditional Accounting Services: Information Systems Assurance and Business Consulting", Journal of Information Systems, 15, pp. 99-125.
  • VISSER, D.; CONING, T.; SMIT, E. (2005): "The Relationship between the Characteristics of the Transformational Leader and the Entrepreneur in South African SMEs", South African Journal Business Management, 36, pp. 51-64.
  • YAMMARINO, F. (1996): "Group Leadership: A Level of Analysis Perspective", en M. West [ed.]: Hanbook of Work Group Psychology, pp. 189-224. New York: Wiley.
  • YAMMARINO, F.; BASS, B. (1990): "Long Term Forecasting of Transformational Leadership and its Effects among Naval Officers: Some Preliminary Findings", en K. Clark y M. Clark [ed.]: Measures of Leadership, pp. 151-170. West Orange: Leadership Library of América.
  • YUKL, G. (2002): Leadership in Organizations. 5 a ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.